Deoxyribonucleic acid called DNA, is the hereditary material all
organisms. In human body DNA nearly same on the all part. Most DNA is
located in the cell nucleus is called nucleotide DNA. DNA also can be
found in the mitochondria, it is called mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA.
The information in DNA is constructed as a code made up of four chemical bases the construction are: adenine(A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). Human DNA consists of about 3 billion bases, and more than 99 percent of those bases are the same in all people. The order, or sequence, of these bases determines the information available for building and maintaining an organism, similar to the way in which letters of the alphabet appear in a certain order to form words and sentences.
Adenine with Thymine and Cytosine with Guanine are pair up with each other to form units called DNA base pairs. Sugar molecule and a phosphate molecule are also attached to each DNA base. a nucleotide consist of a base, sugar, and phosphate. Nucleotides are arranged in two long strands that form a spiral called a double helix. The structure somewhat like a ladder, with the base pairs forming the ladder's rungs and the sugar and phosphate molecules forming the vertical sidepieces of the ladder.
An important property of DNA is that it can replicate, or make copies of itself. Each strand of DNA in the double helix can serve as a pattern for duplicating the sequence of bases. This is critical when cells divide because each new cell needs to have an exact copy of the DNA present in the old cell.
DNA sequence analysis is enormously useful in studies of evolutionary history. Extensive sampling of DNA sequences has helped establish the diversity of life and allowed researchers to analyze evolutionary relationships within groups in detail.
The potential utility of a large-scale effort to sequence uniform gene targets across all species of life was the subject of "Taxonomy and DNA," a conference held at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory on 9-12 March 2003. The conference participants included specialists in animal, microbial, and plant taxonomy; molecular biology; and bioinformatics. The goals of a large-scale sequencing project are to enable a practical method for species identification and to provide insight into the evolutionary history of life.
DNA sequencing has also been applied to identify specimens and resolve species boundaries in populations of apparently similar organisms. However, the bewildering variety of genes and methods of analysis employed in DNA-based phylogenetic and identification research has generally limited the applicability of results beyond the specific groups under study.
The information in DNA is constructed as a code made up of four chemical bases the construction are: adenine(A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). Human DNA consists of about 3 billion bases, and more than 99 percent of those bases are the same in all people. The order, or sequence, of these bases determines the information available for building and maintaining an organism, similar to the way in which letters of the alphabet appear in a certain order to form words and sentences.
Adenine with Thymine and Cytosine with Guanine are pair up with each other to form units called DNA base pairs. Sugar molecule and a phosphate molecule are also attached to each DNA base. a nucleotide consist of a base, sugar, and phosphate. Nucleotides are arranged in two long strands that form a spiral called a double helix. The structure somewhat like a ladder, with the base pairs forming the ladder's rungs and the sugar and phosphate molecules forming the vertical sidepieces of the ladder.
An important property of DNA is that it can replicate, or make copies of itself. Each strand of DNA in the double helix can serve as a pattern for duplicating the sequence of bases. This is critical when cells divide because each new cell needs to have an exact copy of the DNA present in the old cell.
DNA sequence analysis is enormously useful in studies of evolutionary history. Extensive sampling of DNA sequences has helped establish the diversity of life and allowed researchers to analyze evolutionary relationships within groups in detail.
The potential utility of a large-scale effort to sequence uniform gene targets across all species of life was the subject of "Taxonomy and DNA," a conference held at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory on 9-12 March 2003. The conference participants included specialists in animal, microbial, and plant taxonomy; molecular biology; and bioinformatics. The goals of a large-scale sequencing project are to enable a practical method for species identification and to provide insight into the evolutionary history of life.
DNA sequencing has also been applied to identify specimens and resolve species boundaries in populations of apparently similar organisms. However, the bewildering variety of genes and methods of analysis employed in DNA-based phylogenetic and identification research has generally limited the applicability of results beyond the specific groups under study.
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